Departments
Road Freight: The freight transport market in Southern Sudan has been dominated by a limited number of large transporters and carriers, which previously served the relief markets. High vehicle operating costs because of poor road conditions coupled with scarcity and cost of fuels, presence of land mines and insecurity perceptions by transporters resulted in high transport costs. Upsurge in commercial freight traffic are observed on major corridors from Uganda, Kenya and DR Congo after clearing of mines, road improvements and assurance of security.

Weighbridges: As the road system is built and developed, it will become increasingly important to protect it by an effective system of axle load regulation, measurement and policing.  The Government is undertaking to install weighbridges in selected places on transport routes.
A well developed rural and inter-urban passenger transport services is critical to facilitate the return and integration of internally-displaced persons (IDPs), provide means of transport to markets and basic service centres, including health and education, and open up areas for development.

River Transport: The potential for the river transport for both passengers and goods has not been fully exploited, though river transport is a key component of inter-modalism.  River transport remains the only practical and cost effective transport option to reach communities along the White Nile and its tributaries. The major problems of river transport in Southern Sudan are however the presence of very old river fleet, navigational difficulties caused primarily by riverbed weed growth and lack of aids to navigation, and insufficiency of the river port equipment and facilities.  The public sector river transport fleet has been sold off to a private company (20% GONU and 10% GOSS).

Railways: The railway extension to Wau from Aweil and Babanusa is the only rail link in Southern Sudan, which was completed in 1961. The rail link is however no longer operational (since 1991). The railway line was destroyed during the civil war. For any future railway development, a feasibility study will have to be conducted to determine the potential need for railways and commercial viability as an alternative mode of transport.

Air Transport: Air transport in Southern Sudan is inadequate, with Juba as the only airport that receives limited international flights and a few flights to other air strips in the country.  The air traffic control system is based in Khartoum and limited with no coverage in the Southern Sudan.  Air services are critically important for domestic and external communications.

Railway
Southern Sudan is connected with the only rail link from Babanusa-Aweil-Wau. The railway network has however not been operational since 1991. Rehabilitation and extension of the railway line will require a feasibility study to determine the potential for the railways as an additional mode of transport.

River Transport
The Nile River, traversing Sudan from Southern to north, provides an important inland transport route. Its overall usefulness, have been limited by natural features, including a number of water falls and silted shallow stretches that restrict the carrying capacities of barges, especially the period of low water and river sharp bends. Another impediment has been the spread of water hyacinth, as well as the lack of navigation aids.